Communications Equipment: Includes VHF/UHF/HF radios, satellite communication systems, digital voice communication systems, and air-ground data links. Navigation Equipment: Comprises radar systems (primary, secondary, and multi-mode), air traffic management systems, flight guidance systems, and data processing systems. Surveillance Equipment: Includes transponders, surveillance radars (primary, secondary, and 3D), multilateration systems, and automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) systems.